The researchers used the sequencing of the pineapple genome to reveal the reason why the fruit could grow in a water-deficient environment, hoping to help cultivate the drought-resistant crop varieties. The study was chaired by Professor Ming Ruiguang, a professor of plant biology at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. It is not only limited to the pineapple genome and its unique photosynthesis mechanism, but also involves comparison with other plants in different photosynthesis mechanisms.
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Photosynthesis is the process by which plants convert solar rays into chemical energy. However, different plants have different types of photosynthesis mechanisms. Specific to pineapple, like bananas, aloes, and cacti, the mechanism of photosynthesis is relatively special, and it is called "Shandong acid metabolism (CAM)."
Two other photosynthesis mechanisms, named "Carbon 3" and "Carbon 4", correspond to plants such as wheat, rice, soybeans, tobacco and cotton, and plants such as corn, sugarcane and sorghum.
Compared with the typical carbon 3 plants, CAM plants require only 20% of the latter's water use during growth, so they can grow in hot, arid environments. This feature is particularly valuable to researchers.
For the first time, the researchers found that in the pineapple genome, genes associated with CAM were regulated by circadian clock genes, and the mechanism of photosynthesis was accompanied by diurnal differences: during the day, stomata on the leaves were closed, reducing water loss; at night, stomata were opened Absorbs and fixes carbon dioxide.
According to Ming Ruiguang's explanation, “This creates the toughness of a pineapple, which can withstand hot and dry weather because its leaves lose little water during the daytime.â€
Pineapple was planted more than 6,000 years ago in South America, which is now in the southwestern part of Brazil and northeastern Paraguay. It has now spread to more than 85 countries. The total annual production is about 25 million tons, and the output value is nearly 9 billion US dollars.
Pineapple and some gramineous plants, such as rice and sorghum, initially had a common "ancestor" on the genome level, but each experienced multiple genome doublings, also known as "genome-wide replication," and now form their own traits. Ming Ruiguang and his research team confirmed that Pineapple has had two genome-wide replications. Previous studies have shown that there have been three genome-wide replications in Gramineae.
Mingrui Guang therefore concluded that the pineapple genome is the "best reference" for studying the genome of cereal crops.
Cognition of different photosynthesis mechanisms compares the genome composition of different crops. The focus is on breeding new varieties of drought-resistant plants, especially food crops, to cope with global warming trends.
In a paper published in the latest issue of Nature Genetics, the researchers wrote: “Globally, drought is the cause of crop production loss in most cases. Therefore, understanding plant evolution can be achieved in a water-stressed environment. The mechanism of survival is crucial for genetically engineered crops to withstand drought."