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Introduction to solid waste pollution
Solid waste can be roughly classified into three types: domestic waste, general industrial solid waste and hazardous waste. In addition, there are agricultural solid waste, construction waste and spoil. If the solid waste is not properly collected, utilized and disposed of, it will pollute the atmosphere, water and soil, and endanger human health.
In 2003, the country's industrial discharge of solid waste was 10.0 million tons, an increase of 6.3% over the previous year; industrial solid waste emissions of 19.41 million tons, reducing by 26.3% over the previous year. The comprehensive utilization of industrial solid waste was 560 million tons, and the comprehensive utilization rate was 55.8% , an increase of 3.8 percentage points over the previous year . The amount of hazardous waste generated was 11.71 million tons, an increase of 17.1% over the previous year .
In 2003 , the national garbage removal volume was 148.57 million tons, an increase of 8.8% over the previous year . The harmless treatment volume of domestic garbage was 75.5 million tons, an increase of 2.0% over the previous year , and the harmless treatment rate of domestic garbage was 50.8. % .
( 1 ) Pollution of the soil
Solid waste is stored in the open air for a long time. Its harmful components migrate to the surrounding and deep soil through the pores of the soil under the leaching and osmosis of surface runoff and rainwater. During the migration process, harmful components are subjected to soil adsorption and other effects. Generally, due to the large adsorption capacity and adsorption capacity of the soil, as the percolation water migrates, the harmful components accumulate in the soil solid phase to varying degrees, resulting in changes in soil composition and structure, and the plants are grown in the soil. Indirectly, it pollutes plants, and some land cannot even be cultivated.
For example, the soil near a metallurgical plant in Germany is contaminated by colored smelting waste. The amount of zinc in the plants grown on the soil is 26 to 80 times that of ordinary plants , 80 to 260 times for lead , and 30 to 50 times for copper . Such plants cause many diseases.
( 2 ) pollution to the atmosphere
The fine particles and powder in the waste are scattered with the wind; the corresponding protection and purification facilities are lacking during the transportation and treatment of waste, releasing harmful gases and dust; the wastes piled up and landfilled and the wastes infiltrated into the soil are volatilized and reacted. Harmful gases pollute the atmosphere and degrade the air quality. For example, incinerators emit particulate matter, acid gases, unburned waste, heavy metals and trace organic compounds. When the petrochemical plant oil residue is stacked in the open air, a certain amount of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons are formed and volatilized into the atmosphere. The decomposition of organic waste buried in the ground will produce carbon dioxide, methane (landfill gas) and other gases into the atmosphere. If it is allowed to gather, there is a danger, such as a fire, or even an explosion. For example, Mountain View, 40 miles south of San Francisco, USA , built a coastal amphitheatre on the old landfill in the city. In a concert in October 1986 , an audience lit up with a lighter, and a 5- foot flame rushed into the sky, burning a woman's hair nearby, almost causing a fire. This is the methane gas from the landfill that turns the star flames of the lighter into a raging fire.
Yingnuo Instrument (Shanghai) Co., Ltd. is the general agent of Amano Labs in the South China region. A solid waste toxic leaching equipment is a pre-treatment equipment for solid waste leaching experiments. The leaching experiment should be carried out. The solid waste is first pulverized to appropriate granules, and then leached (simulated acid rain) with an acidic aqueous solution to extract the leaching solution for analysis. This equipment complies with national standards and environmental standards, and also meets the US Environmental Protection Agency EPA standards, complete range of accessories, all accessories are quick-connect plug connection, convenient and reliable.
(3) Pollution of water bodies
If hazardous waste is discharged directly into rivers, rivers, lakes, seas, etc., or wastes piled up in the open air are carried into the water body by surface runoff, or fine particles that float into the air, through the precipitation of sedimentation and condensation deposition and gravity settlement. And dry deposition and fall into the surface water system, the water body can dissolve harmful components, poisoning organisms, causing serious hypoxia, eutrophication, and fish death.
Some untreated landfills, or litter bins, leachate from rainwater leaching or biodegradation of waste contain high concentrations of suspended solids and various organic and inorganic components. If this leachate enters groundwater or shallow aquifers, the problem becomes difficult to control. Its dilution and removal of leachate from groundwater is much slower than surface water, which can make groundwater unpotable in the near future and make an area uninhabitable. The most famous example is the Lovi Canal in the United States, where a large number of residents lived in the area, and the health of the residents who lived near the waste disposal site was later affected and fled from the area, making the place lifeless.
Nowadays, some advanced countries dispose of industrial waste, sludge and excavated sediment in the ocean, which has various adverse effects on the marine environment. Some areas of the ocean have dumped waste, and ecosystem damage has occurred, such as a reduced number of animals that are inhabited. Excessive carbon and nutrients from the sludge may cause large-scale reproduction, eutrophication and hypoxia of marine plankton. Changes in microbial communities can affect the number of fish that feed on microbial communities. The toxic substances released from the sludge and industrial waste released from the sludge have toxic effects on the marine organisms. These toxic substances can be transferred to the human body through bioaccumulation, which ultimately affects human health.
Plastics dumped into the ocean are very harmful to the marine environment because it is the most harmful to marine life. Marine mammals, fish, seabirds and sea turtles are at risk of being entangled in abandoned fish nets that are scattered into the sea. Sometimes killing fish like a ghost, if the diver is entangled, it will be life-threatening. Abandoned fishing nets can also harm ships, for example: winding propellers, causing accidents. Plastic bags and bags can also entangle marine mammals and fish, and when animals grow up, they become more tightly packed, limiting their activity, breathing and predation. The plastic ring on the beverage can cause the same harm to birds and small fish. Turtles, mammals and birds also suffocate and die as a result of swallowing plastic boxes, plastic films, bags and so on. The latest study found that 25 % of the seabird esophagus tested contained plastic particles. In addition, plastic is also a hormonal substance that destroys the reproductive capacity of the organism.
( 4 ) Harm to the human body
People living in the environment, using the atmosphere, water and soil as a medium, can ingest harmful wastes from the environment directly into the human body through the respiratory tract, digestive tract or skin, causing illness. A typical example is the pollution incident at the Love Canal in the United States . In the 1940s , a chemical company in the United States used the Raf Canal to stop digging abandoned river valleys to land 2 × 104 tons of residual hazardous wastes such as organochlorine pesticides and plastics . After more than 10 years of burial, some phenomena such as well water odor, baby malformation, and people suffering from strange diseases have occurred in the area. After analysis and analysis, local air, groundwater and soil used as water sources contain 82 kinds of toxic chemicals such as hexachlorocyclohexane, trichlorobenzene, trichloroethylene and dichlorophenol , which are listed on the US Environmental Protection Agency's priority pollution list. There are 27 species, and as many as 11 human carcinogens are suspected . In many basements and surrounding courtyards, toxic chemical leachate was infiltrated, forcing the president to declare the area in a “health emergency†in August 1978. Two thousand households were forced to relocate twice, causing great social problems. And economic losses.
Yingnuo Instrument (Shanghai) Co., Ltd. is the general agent of the South China region of the US Anno Lab. A solid waste toxic leaching equipment is a pre-treatment equipment for solid waste leaching test. The leaching experiment should be carried out. The solid waste is first pulverized to appropriate granules, and then leached (simulated acid rain) with an acidic aqueous solution to extract the extract for analysis. This equipment complies with national standards and environmental standards, and also meets the US Environmental Protection Agency EPA standards, complete range of accessories, all accessories are quick-connect plug connection, convenient and reliable.
This article was published by Yingnuo Instruments (Shanghai) Co., Ltd.