First, the evolution of domestic orthopedic medical equipment development The development of orthopedic medical devices in China is not long. The time is only about 20 years. The orthopaedic medical equipment market in the 1990s basically belongs to the buyer's market. Many orthopedic surgeons are looking for manufacturers to find some suitable products. In the 1990s, foreign capital gradually entered. At the same time, a number of local national enterprises were born. Orthopaedics mainly studies the anatomy, physiology and pathology of the musculoskeletal system. The treatment methods mainly include drugs, physical therapy and surgical treatment. Among the above three treatment methods, the treatment is more important, accounting for the largest proportion. According to the physical structure, medical devices can be divided into internal fixation and external fixation. The internal fixation called internal fixation mainly includes joints, bone plates, screws, etc. External fixation is a fixed method in vitro. Including external fixators, splints, bandages, gypsum, etc., the two methods are mainly based on internal fixation, and both methods are used to fix the fracture end and promote the formation of osteophytes as soon as possible. Second, the concept of orthopedics and its academic classification From the perspective of treatment, orthopedic medical devices can be divided into trauma, spine, joints, and athlete's foot. Trauma is the most common and basic, followed by spine and joints. Now there is a new family of amphipae, which is now classified more carefully in some large hospitals, and some even subdivide the spine into cervical vertebrae. Lumbar vertebrae and so on. The first is trauma, and the trauma is divided into pediatric trauma and adult trauma. The commonly used instruments for trauma include bone nails, external fixators, etc. The internal fixation method of trauma can be subdivided into external fixation and intramedullary. Fixation, external fixation mainly includes steel plate and screw. Intramedullary fixation is mainly used for some intramedullary nails (nails) in dry bone fractures. Many intramedullary and extramedullary fixations are common. Many indications can be used in two ways. Treatment can be selected according to the surgeon's preference and technique; Followed by the spine class, the spine class can be divided into trauma and degenerative disease clinically. The trauma is mainly the external force such as car accident or high altitude fall fracture. The degenerative disease mainly refers to the daily lumbar disc herniation, including some Congenital malformations, tumors, internal fixation of the spine include screws and the anterior cervical plate, as well as some products for minimally invasive vertebral body formation; Finally, the joints are mainly connective tissues composed of soft tissues and ligaments of the human body. The largest joints are mainly hip joints and knee joints. Others such as elbow joints have a small amount of surgery, and hips and knee joints are the main; In addition, there are ankles, which are emerging disciplines in recent years. They were previously hand-foot surgery and are now listed separately as foot-and-stomach. In recent years, with the development of some medical device companies, some new products have been introduced. Before the doctors of the Foot and Foot Department did not have many products to use, basically the Kirschner wire and then the screws. The wounds were mainly external injuries. The orthopedics were mainly problems of degenerative diseases. They were not noticed before, but now the patient volume Much. Third, the domestic orthopedic market overview Orthopedic medical devices account for about 6% of the total medical devices . Orthopedic devices are also regarded as high-value consumables in the entire medical device industry , with high technical content. According to the research report, in the past few years, the market of orthopedic medical device industry has reached more than 20% in line with growth. By 2018, there will basically be a compound growth rate of 15%. The market size can reach 21 billion. The growth period is relatively large. Spinal class can reach more than 20%. The whole market share of trauma is the largest, with 32%. The growth of the construction industry in the whole country is relatively slow, the control of drunk driving is becoming more and more strict, and the growth of trauma is relatively slow. As China enters the aging society, the growth of joints and spines is relatively high. Large, the average annual compound growth rate of joints in 2009-2015 can reach more than 20%. In 2015, the market share of joint implants was 4 billion yuan. Joint replacement is mainly mainly imported manufacturers, and domestic manufacturers are also Continuous improvement, technology is constantly catching up. Taking joint replacement technology as an example, the life expectancy in clinical use is about 15-20 years. There are some differences in technology and technology between domestic and foreign countries. Now, the distance is gradually narrowed. In addition, some foreign companies monopolize raw materials and form certain barrier. Followed by the analysis of China's localization rate, the market share reached 40% in 2009-14, and the market share of domestic manufacturers has been rising. It is understood that only Xerox has completed the 15 year plan sales target for the rest of the foreign manufacturers. None of the vendors have achieved the intended sales targets. Compared with trauma, this type is the highest rate of localization in all orthopedic medical device industries. Domestic manufacturers can basically reach the level of imported manufacturers. In some local hospitals, domestic manufacturers are still the mainstays, joints and spines. There are more importers in the first-tier cities, and many domestic products are not comparable to imported products in terms of process details. From the perspective of competition, multinational companies have been buying domestic companies, and many domestic companies are preparing to go public. The domestic orthopaedic leader Weigao orthopedics recently announced a backdoor listing. Weigao's products are highly recognized in clinical practice. In addition, traumatic and spine products account for the largest share of Weigao's overall business. In terms of joints, Aikang Yicheng has the largest market share. The company was established for a short period of time. It was established around 2002, mainly because it has more cooperation with experts in Beijing Jishuitan, followed by Chunli Medical. Weigao Orthopaedics is mainly engaged in grabbing the share of some importers, and the product coverage is relatively comprehensive. Chunli is mainly jointed and has a part of spinal products. Kelly itself is a spine product, mainly a minimally invasive spine (PKP and PVP vertebroplasty products), and later integrated Jiangsu Aidier's layout of trauma. Kang Hui has been acquired by foreign investors. Personally, it is considered unfavourable for domestic companies to be acquired by foreign investors. If domestic companies are to acquire products after they are acquired, the control rights cannot be developed by foreign manufacturers. From the perspective of spine products, China's spinal implant market revenue increased from 1.7 billion yuan in 2009 to 3.3 billion yuan in 2013, with a compound annual growth rate of 18.7%. 2014-2018 is expected to continue to grow at a compound annual growth rate of around 18%, reaching 7.8 billion yuan in 2018. In large hospitals designated by some big cities, spine products are still dominated by imported brands. In the majority of county-level hospitals and local hospitals in provinces and cities, they are still dominated by domestic brands. Followed by trauma products, according to the PICO report, China's trauma implant market revenue increased from 2 billion yuan in 2009 to 3.8 billion yuan in 2013, with a compound annual growth rate of 17.6%. 2014-2018 is expected to continue to grow at a compound annual growth rate of 16.9% (data may be optimistic), reaching $8.6 billion in 2018. Trauma is mainly based on domestic brands, and imported companies do not have much advantage in clinical practice. From the joint point of view, China's joint implant market revenue increased from 1.1 billion yuan in 2009 to 2.7 billion yuan in 2013, with a compound annual growth rate of 24.5%. 2014-2018 is expected to continue to grow at a compound annual growth rate of 23.5%, reaching 7.6 billion in 2018. The high-end products of joints are mainly imported companies, and domestic companies are worse in terms of raw material processing, process processing, and spray coating treatment.
Vitamins:
Vitamin A:
Retinol. Carotene compounds responsible for transmitting light sensation in the
retina of the eye. Deficiency leads to night blindness.
Beta carotene: An
antioxidant which protects cells against oxidation damage that can lead to cancer.
Beta carotene is converted, as needed, to vitamin A. Food sources of beta
carotene include vegetables such as carrots, sweet potatoes, spinach and other
leafy green vegetables; and fruit such as cantaloupes and apricots. Excessive
carotene in the diet can temporarily yellow the skin, a condition called
carotenemia, commonly seen in infants fed largely mushed carrots.
Vitamin B1:
Thiamin, acts as a coenzyme in body metabolism. Deficiency leads to beriberi, a
disease of the heart and nervous system.
Vitamin B2:
Riboflavin, essential for the reactions of coenzymes. Deficiency causes
inflammation of the lining of the mouth and skin.
Vitamin B3:
Niacin, an essential part of coenzymes of body metabolism. Deficiency causes
inflammation of the skin, vagina, rectum and mouth, as well as mental slowing.
Vitamin B6:
Pyridoxine, a cofactor for enzymes. Deficiency leads to inflammation of the
skin and mouth, nausea, vomiting, dizziness , weakness and anemia.
Folate (folic
acid): Folic acid is an important factor in nucleic acid synthesis (the genetic
material). Folate deficiency leads to megaloblastic anemia.
Vitamin B12: An
essential factor in nucleic acid synthesis (the genetic material of all cells).
Deficiency leads to megaloblastic anemia, as can be seen in pernicious anemia.
Vitamin C:
Ascorbic acid, important in the synthesis of collagen, the framework protein
for tissues of the body. Deficiency leads to scurvy, characterized by fragile
capillaries, poor wound healing, and bone deformity in children.
Vitamin D: A
steroid vitamin which promotes absorption and metabolism of calcium and
phosphorus. Under normal conditions of sunlight exposure, no dietary
supplementation is necessary because sunlight promotes adequate vitamin D
synthesis in the skin. Deficiency can lead to osteomalacia in adults and bone
deformity (rickets) in children.
Vitamin E:
Deficiency can lead to anemia.
Vitamin K: An
essential factor in the formation of blood clotting factors. Deficiency can
lead to abnormal bleeding.
Nutritions:
For the treatment
of nutritional disease, any of the nutrient-related diseases and conditions
that cause illness in humans. They may include deficiencies or excesses in the
diet, obesity and eating disorders, and chronic diseases such as cardiovascular
disease, hypertension, cancer, and diabetes mellitus. Nutritional diseases also
include developmental abnormalities that can be prevented by diet, hereditary
metabolic disorders that respond to dietary treatment, the interaction of foods
and nutrients with drugs, food allergies and intolerances, and potential
hazards in the food supply. All of these categories are described in this
article. For a discussion of essential nutrients, dietary recommendations, and
human nutritional needs and concerns throughout the life cycle, see nutrition,
human.
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