Japanese scientist Yamanaka Yamato has been inducing pluripotent stem cells for more than 10 years. The New York Times reporter interviewed Professor Yamanaka about the research progress of this invention and the expected new stem cell therapy. In 2001, US President George W. Bush issued an executive order prohibiting federal funds from being used for human preimplantation embryo development into stem cell research. This ban has halted stem cell research and has greatly hampered scientists' research enthusiasm. Five years later, the Japanese University of Kyoto scientist Yamanaka and his graduate Takahashi Hiroshi designed a system that "recodes" any mature cells, such as skin cells, and induces it to return to the early "pluripotency" stage. The method has injected new energy into the field of stem cell research. The induced cells can grow in any of the cells from cardiomyocytes to neuronal cells in the "pluripotent" stage. Nobel Prize winner Yamanaka Yamanaka is in charge of the iPS Cell Research and Application Center at Kyoto University, Japan, and leads a small laboratory at the Gladstone Institute at the University of California, San Francisco. This breakthrough successfully broke the barriers of embryonic source disputes and provided researchers with an inexhaustible source of stem cells. Dr. Yamanaka has re-encoded mature cells and converted them into induced pluripotent stem cells (or iPS cells), with British scientist John? Gordon shared the 2012 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. But until today, the research process leading to new therapies is still slow. Dr. Yamanaka holds the iPS Cell Research and Application Center at Kyoto University and leads a small laboratory at the Gladstone Institute at the University of California, San Francisco. In both laboratories, his group studied the molecular mechanisms of cellular pluripotency and the factors that influence re-encoding. Recently, in San Francisco, Yamanaka was interviewed by New York Times special correspondent Wallace Ravven. The following is the edited text of the interview. Question: 20 years ago, we were full of enthusiasm and confidence in the use of stem cells to develop a series of new treatments for diseases. Now, what kind of therapy has scientists invented in the past 10 years since your discovery? A: We are still in the early stages of research. In 2014, Dr. Takahashi Masahiro and her colleagues achieved great success in using iPS cells to treat macular degeneration at the Center for Developmental Biology, Institute of Physical Chemistry, Japan. They extracted skin cells from a 70-year-old patient and obtained iPS cells. Next, they isolate stem cells (inducing them to "return" to normal developmental pathways), culture mature retinal cells and transplant them into the patient's eye to treat the disease. This is a huge success and the patient can see it more clearly now. Q: Are there more patients getting treatment? A: Before the transplantation for the second patient, we determined the genomic sequence of the patient's iPS cells and then found the genetic variation. Therefore, we have not continued. Pluripotent stem cells have the ability to proliferate rapidly and infinitely. At the same time, this is a double-edged sword. After multiple cell cycles, the chance of mutation increases, and the resulting mutations are likely to contain oncogenes that cause cancer.
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