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In the beginning, the strategy adopted by the research team was to use photodynamic therapy, which is currently a research hotspot in this field. It uses a non-toxic photosensitizer to produce toxic reactive oxygen species (ROS) under ultraviolet or visible light to kill cancer cells.
The subject group immediately encountered many key and difficult problems: ROS has a short life span of only 200 nanoseconds; the diffusion distance is short, only 20 nanometers; and ultraviolet light and visible light can hardly penetrate skin and tissues. In this way, this method has almost no clinical application value.
How can we overcome these fatal shortcomings? Shi Jianlin thought of the old-fashioned business that he had done for many years--the nuclear drug-targeted drug transport strategy known as the "Molecular Drug Transport Vehicle", which was the first to achieve this method internationally.
Scientists have devised a nano-sized scintillation particle/semiconductor core shell. When the photosensitive material is irradiated by X-rays, the semiconductor particles can directly oxidize water molecules to produce ROS-like substances. This method not only avoids the penetration depth of ultraviolet and visible light, but also does not need to consume oxygen components, so that tumor treatment can continue to produce therapeutic effects.
"This overcomes the problem of short ROS life and short diffusion distance, and achieves the purpose of effectively inhibiting tumor growth under extremely low light conditions." Shi Jianlin said.
Is there a simpler path? The team thought of ultrasound as a source of stimulation.
Ultrasound is commonly used clinically, non-toxic and harmless with little penetration depth limitation. The research team loaded non-toxic metalloporphyrin molecules into the pores of mesoporous organosilicon nanoparticles. Such nanoparticles are also non-toxic and have excellent biocompatibility.
This “molecular transport vehicle†can not only transport drugs, but also monitor the treatment process: when these particles are swallowed by the tumor, plus a simple external ultrasound, the porphyrin molecules will decompose and release ROS and metal. ion. ROS kill cancer cells, and specific metal ions can be used for magnetic resonance imaging of tumor sites, allowing doctors to monitor and evaluate the treatment process.
The "brain hole" of scientists does not stop there. They also want to find an easier way – can you use any exogenous responsive stimulus instead of using the endogenous specific microenvironment of the tumor to make the tumor itself produce enough ROS to kill itself?
Therefore, after the ultrasound drive, the Shi Jianlin team proposed the concept of chemical dynamics tumor treatment, which is an interdisciplinary attempt. In environmental science, there is a Fenton reaction, which can utilize the catalytic action of iron ions to produce ROS and achieve the degradation of organic pollutants. It is important to know that most solid tumors will express hydrogen peroxide in large amounts. Can Fenton react to produce ROS and kill cancer cells?
Unfortunately, the amount of hydrogen peroxide expressed in the tumor is still too low to effectively initiate the Fenton reaction, producing enough ROS to kill cancer cells. To this end, the scientists synthesized a strange and novel soft ferromagnetic amorphous iron nanoparticles, which can quickly dissociate and release a large amount of ferrous ions in the weak acidic environment of the tumor cell interstitial. Next, the ferrous ion disproportionates the hydrogen peroxide accumulated in the tumor to produce a large amount of hydroxyl radicals, thereby causing a series of oxidative damage of the tumor cells, and finally causing apoptosis of the cancer cells.
"Directed blasting" drug "nano car" accurately destroys cancer cells
[ China Pharmaceutical Network Technology News ] Statistics show that more than 70% of cancer patients receiving chemotherapy eventually die from drug toxicity or cancer drug resistance. Is it possible to use nanomaterials or molecules that are not toxic to normal cells and tissues, so that these materials or molecules can become toxic after entering the tumor? Recently, the team led by researcher Shi Jianlin of the Shanghai Institute of Ceramics of the Chinese Academy of Sciences has initially realized an idea for chemotherapy. After the drug enters the cancer cell, the toxicity is released and "directional blasting" is performed.
("Directional blasting" drug "nano car" accurately destroys cancer cells. Source: Baidu Pictures)