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Pesticides generally refer to agents used to control pests in agricultural and forestry crops and their products, as well as agents that can regulate plant growth, as well as adjuvants, synergists, etc. that can increase the potency of these agents. From the structure can be divided into inorganic pesticides and organic pesticides, the former refers to the processing of mineral raw materials made of pesticides (such as arsenic preparations, fluoride, etc.); the latter includes organic chlorine (such as BHC, DDT, etc.), organic phosphorus (such as Methamidophos, omethoate, etc.), carbamates (e.g. leafhopper, carbofuran, etc.), pyrethroids (e.g., chlorhexidine, kungfu, etc.), nereistoxins (e.g., dimehypo, insecticidal) Chemically synthesized pesticides such as mono- and etc.) and specific insecticides (such as Ulead, Supio, etc.) and mineral oil emulsions (oil emulsions, diesel emulsions, etc.), plant pesticides (rotenone, azadirachtin, etc.) and microbial pesticides (such as bacteria of the genus Plasmodium, Beauveria bassiana, etc.) that are made from natural materials and their metabolites. According to the control object can be divided into:
Insecticides have only insecticidal effects without killing, killing, and other effects, such as insecticidal double, anti-taibao and others.
Acaricides are used specifically for the control of acarids without the insecticidal and bactericidal effects of agents such as bufalin and diclofenac.
Bactericides are used for medicines that prevent disease and have no other control effects, such as thiophanate-methyl, trehalose-mildew, and the like.
Herbicides are specially used for the control of weeds and other effects, such as butachlor and Gram-free.
Plant growth regulators are used for agents that promote or inhibit plant growth and preserve fruit, such as ethephon and paclobutrazol.
In fact, many pesticides used in agricultural production often have more than one type of control. For example, chlorhexidine, acetamiprid, acetylephrine, and monoterpenoids can be used to prevent insects as well as to control fleas. Oil emulsions and diesel emulsions have good effects on terpenes, terpenes, and whiteflies. Although lime sulfur is a fungicide, it is commonly used to control cockroaches (especially when it is cleared in winter). The nymph of scale insects has a cure-and-treat effect; 2,4-D is a herbicide, but it is commonly used for preservation and preservation of fruits in citrus. Some agents also have specific prevention and control targets. For example, anti-indoles can only be used to control aphids, and there are no control effects on other pests and aphids; Nissoul can only kill the eggs and larvae of leafhoppers, but they are not. Completely invalid.
Second, dosage form
The pesticide produced by the factory is generally an original drug, and most of them are insoluble in water and need to be processed into a variety of forms that are easy to use, called dosage forms. The most commonly used pesticide formulations are emulsifiable concentrates (also known as emulsions), followed by water, wettable powders, powders, and granules. The emulsifiable concentrate is an oily liquid that can be used to dilute the spray according to the control object. It can also be used for seed dressing, drying, and poison baits. The wettable powder can be used for spraying after watering, and can also be used for seed dressing, soil treatment and baits. , but can not be used for dusting, otherwise it will greatly reduce the efficacy due to poor dispersion, and even produce phytotoxicity; powder due to its poor suspension and wettability in water, water spray effect is poor, generally used for dusting , Seed dressing, baits, etc.; granules are generally applied directly, can not be soaked after spraying.
Third, the role of pesticides
The way in which pesticides kill or inhibit pests, diseases, insects, grasses, and rats in farmland is called the mode of action of pesticides. The most common modes of action in insecticides are contact, stomach poisoning, systemic absorption, fumigation, antifeedant, repellent and growth inhibition.
The contact killing agent kills pests by contacting the insect's epidermis and infiltrating into the body. This is the most important mode of action of the currently used insecticides, which can kill pests and mites of various mouthparts.
Stomach poisoning agents enter the body through insect pests and digestive system to kill pests, and generally can only control chewing mouthpart pests, such as Lepidoptera larvae, beetles and so on.
The systemic absorption agent is absorbed through the plant's roots, stems, and leaves, and can be transported and stored in the plant body. The pests are killed after taking the plant's juice or tissue.
Fumigation uses the vapors generated by the volatile agents to poison pests.
Antifeeding effects When pests contact or feed crops that use pesticides, they destroy the secretion of digestive enzymes in the digestive tract and interfere with the pest's nervous system, causing the pests to refuse food and gradually starve to death.
The repellent agent itself is nontoxic to kill pests, but the special odor it possesses deters pests, thereby protecting crops from infringement.
Inhibition of growth mainly refers to insect growth regulators. It enters the body through the insect's body wall or digestive system, destroys its normal physiological functions, prevents its normal growth and development, and kills it. Such agents control the specificity of the object. For beneficial biological safety, such as Ulead, Diflubenzuron, and CPT.
Most of the currently used insecticidal acaricides have contact toxicity, stomach toxicity, fumigation, or systemic absorption, and the most suitable agents can be selected according to the main control objects.
Fungicides are mainly protective agents and therapeutic agents. Protective agent refers to an agent that is applied before the pathogenic microorganism does not invade the plant tissue in order to protect the plant from being harmed. The currently used fungicides are mostly such as Bordeaux mixture, zearazine, and tetromycin; therapeutic agents are those Fungicides with both protective and certain therapeutic and systemic effects, such as metalaxyl, dexamethasone and others. However, no matter what kind of fungicide, should be used in the early stages of disease or performance symptoms before they can play a corresponding effect.
Herbicides can be classified as inactivated (broad spectrum) and selective in terms of the control subjects. The former include glyphosate, paraquat, and Gramoxone, and the latter include Simazine, 2,4-D, etc. Herbicides can control almost all weeds, and also have a phytotoxicity on the green part of fruit trees. They can only be used in orchards without intercropping. When used, liquid medicines cannot contact branches, leaves and fruits; selective herbicides can only prevent certain Species of weeds, such as 2,4-D, are only effective against dicotyledonous (leafed broadleaf) weeds and must be carefully controlled to prevent phytotoxicity. Herbicides can be divided into two types: endogenous absorption and contact toxicity. The former, such as glyphosate and 2,4-D, generally have slower drug efficacy. The latter, such as paraquat, has a faster drug efficacy.
Commonly used pesticide formulations and effects
First, kind