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Substitution of Fishmeal in Aquaculture Feed
Aquatic animals require higher levels of protein in feed, which is generally 2 to 4 times that of livestock and poultry, and usually accounts for 25% to 50% or even more of the formula. The source of aquatic animal protein feeds depends mainly on fishmeal. According to surveys conducted by the International Fisheries Association, the global demand for fishmeal has been increasing year after year in recent decades. It was 46.7% higher in 1996 than in 1991 alone (Ping Yuan, 1998). Simply relying on fishmeal, it will be difficult to meet the demand for fishmeal development in the aquaculture industry. This prompted people to replace fishmeal with other protein sources that are cheap and sourced to meet the needs of aquatic animals for protein in feed. 1. Animal protein sources Animal protein sources have high protein content, low sugar content, high content of mineral elements and vitamins, and generally have higher nutritional value than plant proteins. 1.1 Livestock and poultry by-products China can produce more than 2 million tons of livestock and poultry by-products each year. Steffens (1994) reported that replacing 27% of poultry by-products in rainbow trout feed with approximately 50% of fish meal had no significant effect on weight gain and feed efficiency, but rainbow trout weight gain and feed efficiency would be achieved when poultry by-products and feather meal were used instead of fish meal. Steffens (198, 1994) also pointed out that poultry waste containing amino acids can be used as the sole source of protein for rainbow trout feed, and it has been reported that 20% of poultry by-products are used instead of fish meal in ichthyose salmon feed. The growth did not have any adverse effects, but the growth of fish decreased when the by-product content of poultry reached 30%. The diet contained 47% of low ash poultry by-products and 12% of fish meal, and was fed with barramundi. The growth and feeding of fish contained fish meal 47 There was no significant difference in the percentage of feed compared to fish.Liang Lun (Reported in 1997, CI protein obtained by processing poultry by-products was replaced by 20% of fish meal by about 20%, the net weight gain of Long Kiss? Differences: Protein content of meat and bone meal is 45% to 50%, and iron, calcium, phosphorus and other minerals are very high. Wu Xinmin et al. (1997) reported that animal protein sources using meat and bone meal as feed Raising shrimp not only improves the digestion and absorption rate of feed and effectively promotes the growth and development of shrimp, but also significantly reduces the cost of shrimp farming.Blood powder is a clean and fresh blood of poultry produced by drying, using blood meal instead of fish meal to culture rainbow trout. After rearing for weeks, it was found that the specific growth rate of rainbow trout (2.23 to 2.35 g) and feed conversion ratio (1.04 to 1.09) were not significantly different from the fish meal control group; rainbow trout performed digestibility of phosphorus in the feed of blood meal group. (45.2%) was significantly higher than the control group (31.6%), and the total phosphorus in the feed could be reduced by 38% (Ren Weimei, 1997). The bio-blood powder is a mixture of a proteolytic enzyme and a human porous carrier. Into the fresh blood of animals, mixed blood meal made after full fermentation, mixed blood meal due to the role of microorganisms, blood protein is further decomposed into amino acids, thereby increasing the value of blood protein.Deng Shuhui (1995) carried out part of the use of carp feed Comparison test between bio-blood meal and imported fishmeal and pure blood meal, the results show that some of the bio-blood meal is used to feed some carp instead of some of the imported fishmeal. ,Completely feasible;Compared with pure blood meal,bio-blood powder shows obvious superiority,the former has better production effect than the latter.The processing method is different,the nutritional composition of feather powder is also different,the general crude protein is in 70%～85 %.. Xia Zhongguo et al. (1993) pointed out that if the by-products of poultry slaughter and feather meal are mixed at a ratio of 5.7:4.3 and supplemented with the lack of lysine, methionine and tryptophan, they can reach The same protein concentration of fishmeal can replace fish meal by 100%.Wang Jiqiao et al. (1993) succeeded in using fish powder and poultry oil instead of fish meal and lipid to farm squid and cockroach.The water department of Huazhong Agricultural University Shen Weihua et al. Pressure-treated feather meal was used as a substitute for fish meal in carp feed. The test results showed that replacing feather fish meal with 50% of fish meal in carp feed did not result in a significant decrease in amino acid digestibility. Because the structure of the feather protein contains more disulfide bonds, the molecular structure is highly stable, and it is not easy to be hydrolyzed under normal conditions, and it is also not conducive to the digestion and absorption of aquatic animals. Therefore, some effective methods for destroying disulfide bonds should be explored to improve feathers. The utilization of protein, which is of great significance for the development and utilization of feather powder. 1.2 Insects Insects are the largest group of animals in the world, with biomass exceeding 10 times the total biomass of all other animals (including humans). Numerous nutritional studies have shown that insects are rich in protein, have few fibers, are rich in trace elements, and are easy to absorb. They are the largest animal protein resources. Silkworm cocoon is a dried product of silkworm cocoon silk remnants. The content of methionine is approximately the same as that of imported fishmeal. The content of tryptophan is 70% to 100% higher than that of fish meal, and it is rich in riboflavin and other vitamins. Chen Guoding (1994) compared the use of silkworm cocoons with equivalent domestic fishmeal and Japanese fishmeal to feed turtles. After 108 days of feeding, the feed efficiency (57.9%) of silkworm cocoons was significantly higher than that of Japanese fishmeal (54.82%). And domestic fish meal group (43.59%). The fly maggot powder contains approximately 60% crude protein and is rich in amino acids. There are 18 species that have been measured, and vitamins and minerals necessary for animal growth are also included. A large number of studies have confirmed that fly maggots have achieved better results in substituting part or all of the fish meal as protein feed for aquatic animals. Wu Jianjun (1997) used fly larvae instead of 50% of compound feed to feed juvenile clams, which was lower than that of juvenile clams. Ma Jianpin et al. (1986) fed grass carp with 25% plutonium pellet feed. Compared with the control group with 20% Peruvian fishmeal, the weight gain rate increased by 20.8% and the protein efficiency increased by 16.4%. The 1kg cost is reduced by 0.29 yuan. Tenebrio mealworms commonly known as breadworms, containing 60% protein, various amino acids are also very rich in content, including lysine content of 5.72%, methionine is 0.53%, fat is 11.9%, calcium is 1.02% , Phosphorus is 1.13%, also contains a variety of vitamins and enzyme substances, it is estimated that the nutritional value of Tenebrio is 2 times the fish meal, and the cost is only 1/3 of the fish meal (Liu Bosheng (1994) reports, with 6% ~ 8% of fresh mealworms are fed with aquatic animals such as soft-shelled turtles and squid, and they have good palatability. Help digestion and other characteristics, animals grow fast, strong resistance to disease. Scorpius and hawkmoths are also a source of animal protein that is of great value for development and utilization. The results of fatty acid test on Scorpio and hawkmoth show that these two species of insects contain considerable amounts of essential fatty acids required for carps. Unsaturated fatty acids such as oleic acid (octadecadienoic acid) and linolenic acid (octadecatrienoic acid). Adding 1% of octadecadienoic acid and 1% octadecatrienoic acid and other fatty acids, the highest weight gain of carp. 1.3 Other animal protein sources Artemia is a small, low-grade crustacean with high salt tolerance. It is a natural, high-quality protein resource with a large reserve of salt lakes in China and accounts for about 60% of the world's Artemia resources reserves. Eggs are called Artemia eggs, rich in protein and fat, dry weight contains about 60% of protein, fat is about 20%, is a good food for fish, shrimp, crab larvae, the adult protein-containing power. 62%, fat 18.11%, carbohydrate 5.25%, suitable for a variety of aquatic animal protein feed. Wang Daoli et al. (1994) reported that the use of Artesian protein powder as an important raw material for the development of AES series of feeds can promote the growth of shrimp molting, and the bait reward is significantly better than fish meal feed. Fresh squid can emit a special smell that can strongly stimulate the appetite of aquatic animals. According to the experiment, tilapia fed with a compound feed containing 1.14% plutonium and 38.86% vermicompost increased the yield by 22.4% compared to the control group fed the normal fishmeal feed and saved 38.5% of the concentrate feed. The dry matter contains 66.3% of crude protein and 7.9% of crude fat. Its biological value is comparable to that of Peruvian fish meal. Adding 7.14% to 10.0% of dried cocoons in the compound feed can increase the growth rate of the cod by 63%. The red worm, also called otters, has a protein content that is significantly higher than that of pigs, cattle, and fish. It has a full range of essential amino acids and contains a lot of sugars, fats, and vitamins. Farmed fish often eat red worms, the growth rate is significantly accelerated, and the disease-resistant ability is obviously enhanced. It is the best bait for filter-feeding fish and ornamental fish and can completely replace fishmeal feed. The river raft contains crude protein 60.9%, crude fat 6.9%, calcium 3.2%, phosphorus 1.14%, riboflavin 2.4%, other nutrients 10.24%, and the total energy is every 20 .79MJ/kg, is equivalent to the medium standard fishmeal, the river oyster shell powder is an excellent calcium and phosphorus additive. Replacing fishmeal with fish meal as a feed protein source can significantly increase the growth of aquatic animals. Snail meat, entrails and shells contain a lot of protein, carbohydrates, vitamins and trace elements. According to the analysis, snail meat contains 20% of protein, 5% of fat, and 7% of sugar. Snails made into snail powder, containing protein for 60. 9%, calcium 2.0%, phosphorus 0.845%, lysine 4.4%, and methionine 1.0%. It is feasible to partially replace fish meal with snail meal in aquatic animal feed. 2. Plant protein sources The source of plant proteins is widely sourced and handled easily, but the nutritional value is generally lower than animal protein sources. 2.1 Soybean products Soybean meal and bean cake in vegetable protein sources. Soybean meal and other soy products have high protein nutritional value, more reasonable amino acid composition, and lower sugar content than cereals, and have now become the focus of research. The amino acid composition of full-fat soy flour and defatted soy flour is similar, and the trypsin inhibitor activity of both is similar. Sanz et al. (1994) reported that soybean meal can replace 40% of fishmeal in rainbow trout feed. Gom (1995) reported that mixed plant proteins based on full-fat soy flour may replace about 62% of the fishmeal in rainbow trout feeds; ESCaffr et al. (1997) reported that soy protein concentrate can replace 40% of the fish meal in salmon feed. For different aquatic animals, the appropriate amount of soybean meal is different. In herbivorous fish and omnivorous fish, soybean meal can be used as a major source of protein instead of most of the fishmeal; 5% soy meal is used in carnivorous fish such as carp feed. If the amino acid is balanced, it will not affect the weight gain. However, when it exceeds 15%, the growth of carp is significantly reduced. In shrimps, as long as the amino acids are balanced, 15% soy cake can be used. Zhu Yazhu et al. (1995) only used soybean meal as a protein source to feed Macrobrachium rosenbergii in feed, and achieved better results than the control group containing 25% fishmeal feed. Different levels of feed protein, soybean meal instead of fish meal effect is also different, in general, the feed protein content is slightly lower than the optimal amount of the best effect. 2.2 Other plant protein sources Various types of cakes and bran in China have an annual output of over 100 million tons. The development prospect is broad. However, the current utilization rate of this resource is relatively low due to the poor quality of cakes and quail proteins and the wide range of amino acid ratios. Cottonseed cakes also contain toxic substances. In order to make full use of the resources of cakes and clams, first of all, it can be reasonably used according to the nutrition and digestive characteristics of different aquatic animals. Water leaching method and microbiological detoxification method are applied to toxic substances in cakes and clams, and the detoxification effect is significant and the cost is not high. Lu Zhongjin (1993) pointed out that the proportion of cottonseed cakes in fish feed can reach 30% to 40%, but the appropriate amount of different aquatic animals varies, and they are used in fish, grass, alfalfa, bream and squid. The dosage is 10% to 20%, which can be increased to 30% in carp bait and up to 40% for second-instar herring. EL-Snyed (1989) reported that cottonseed cake can be used as the main bait protein of Nile tilapia. The Feed Research Institute of Dalian (1989) found that even young prawns can use cottonseed cakes well. The flax cake is sticky and can help granulation, but because of the amino acid imbalance, the quality is unstable, and the amount should be limited to 5% or less; after the corn germ is extracted from the oil, the corn germ meal has similar crude protein content to the corn glutinous rice dumplings. The amino acid composition is better. Lysine and tryptophan content is higher than that of corn mash, and it is a good feed for aquatic animals. Wheat germ meal can also partly replace fishmeal, Zhu Wei et al. (2000) reported that, with different amounts of wheat germ meal partially replacing fish meal, the growth and survival rate of Japanese shrimp were not affected, indicating that the replacement of fish meal with wheat germ meal is feasible. However, judging from the main indicator of weight gain, the amount of substitution is appropriate from 5% to 10%. The crude protein content of edible alcohol extracts is similar to that of bean cakes. Lysine content is lower than that of soybean cakes. It contains unknown growth factors and can be used in herbivorous and omnivorous fishes. It should be pointed out that although cakes and quails contain higher amounts of protein and have better protein quality, some essential amino acids are low in content and cannot meet the nutritional needs of aquatic animals, thus affecting their rearing effects to some extent. . Therefore, it is not possible to use only a certain type of cake and meal as the sole source of protein for aquafeeds, and it is best to use them in conjunction with animal protein sources. 3, single cell protein source Single cell protein source also known as microbial feed, mainly including some unicellular algae, yeast, bacteria and fungi. The single-cell protein source is richer in protein than the higher plants and animals. The biological value of the protein is also relatively high. The essential amino acids are abundant and balanced, and the crude fiber content is extremely low. 3.1 Single-cell algae Single-cell algae have high protein content, complete nutrition, and are easily absorbed by aquatic animals. They have received increasing attention in recent years. Spirulina protein content is 60% to 70%, amino acid balance is good, vitamin, phycocyanin content is rich, mineral content is comprehensive, easy to absorb, high proportion of unsaturated fatty acids, high quality, moderate carbohydrate content, special components (Contains sugars necessary for aquatic animals such as alginic acid and mannitol), and also contains a variety of biologically active substances (enzymes, unknown growth factors, etc., human Spirulina powder is generally added in the shrimp bait is 0.5% ~ 3 .0% for abalone seedlings can be added 1% to 3%, can also be used as bait for ornamental fish, sea water, gray spotted fish and other seafood products Nandeesha et al. (1998) reported that replacement of fish meal with spirulina does not affect the growth of carp seedlings , feed conversion rate and protein efficiency.The net retention rate of fish protein fed with Spirulina as the sole protein source feed is high, and there is no significant difference between fish body water and protein content and feed for fish meal.3.2 Yeast Yeast protein source usually includes feed yeast, Petroleum yeast, marine yeast and brewer's yeast are the most widely used feed yeasts, and feed yeast is an ideal egg substitute for fish meal in aquatic foods. Baiyuan, its protein content is generally higher than 50%, nutrition is comprehensive, can increase the rate of increase of aquatic animals and reduce the feed coefficient, reduce the cost of farming, and increase economic efficiency.Yan Chengxian (1992) with 3%, 7%, 16%, 23 A feed yeast of 5 % was used instead of fish meal for a period of 57 days, and when the feed yeast content reached 16%, the average survival rate, average growth rate, and average weight gain rate of shrimp were significantly higher than those of the control group. Feed yeast completely replaced Peruvian fishmeal and cultivated Wuxi Jianye in cages, and there was no significant difference in total weight gain, average weight gain and feed coefficient, while feed cost was reduced by 10% and economic benefit was increased by 8.9%. 1997) The use of brewer's yeast in partial replacement of fishmeal in isoflavone feed to grow African oysters has also yielded satisfactory results.4 Conclusion In summary, the use of low-cost and abundant sources of animal and plant protein sources and single-cell protein sources is partially or completely Instead of fishmeal being feasible, extensive and intensive research should be conducted in aquaculture to expand the scope of application and scale of application so that it can replace fish in large quantities. To address the shortage of fish meal and fish meal surge in demand for resource conflicts, access to good economic, social and ecological benefits.