Soilless Facilities Cultivation Technology

However, in fact, the impact of the external environment on crop growth and yield is comprehensive rather than single-factor. At the same time, the optimum environment for crop growth is not only different for different types of vegetables, but also different for different cultivation seasons and different growth periods, which increases the difficulty and complexity of environmental control technology.

I. Principles and objectives for the regulation and protection of environmental protection facilities

Environmental protection facilities use nature to create nature and provide suitable environmental conditions for plant growth and development. Due to the barrier function of the facility covering, the greenhouse produces a special environment that is different from the outside world. It can protect crops from wind, rain, weeds, insects, diseases, and other interference and harm, and can also make the producer unfit in the outside world. Under production. The isolation of the greenhouse from the outside world makes it possible to warm up, apply CO2, and effectively use chemical and biological control techniques for plant protection. The high yield per unit area in the greenhouse allows growers to be willing and willing to invest in advanced equipment, such as soilless cultivation, fill light, insulation/cooling screens, and movable bed cultivation, to improve and simplify production. Therefore, greenhouse production is a fine and advanced form of crop production, usually linked to the greenhouse industry, called greenhouse engineering. The entire process emphasizes the role of technology. Due to the installation of advanced equipment, the greenhouse environment can be controlled. Greenhouse environmental control is a very important task in the cultivation of facilities. It enables growers to control the production process independently of external climate. For crop growth, production and product quality, the level of environmental control plays a decisive role to a certain extent. Therefore, in the greenhouse environment control, the most important goal is to reduce costs and increase revenue.

The specific indicators to achieve this goal can be summarized as follows: 1 increase the output per unit area; 2 the appropriate time to market; 3 the ideal product quality; 4 the prevention of disaster climate or danger (wind, fire, snow, human damage, etc.); 5 environmental protection; 6 cost management (such as CO2, energy, labor, etc.). Based on this goal, the conditions of crop growth are idealized. At the same time, it is necessary to consider that greenhouse production is an economic activity. Therefore, the principle of environmental regulation is to operate within the framework of the overall operation and to conduct economic accounting. In this sense, environmental regulation is generally considered to be associated with business objectives, and to obtain high quality and high yield of products within acceptable costs and acceptable risks. The cost of environmental regulation mainly comes from the energy consumption for heating, cooling, dehumidification, or fill light. The application of CO2 also requires additional costs. The cost investment must account for the additional economic benefits due to additional input costs. To this end, targeted regulation and improvement of the environment is the main way to increase the production efficiency of greenhouse crops.

Second, light conditions and regulation

(I) Lighting conditions of the protection facilities The lighting conditions in the protection facilities include the light intensity, light quality, light time, and light distribution, which give different effects to the growth and development of greenhouse crops. The illumination conditions in the facility are compared with those in open field lighting conditions as follows: (1) The total radiation is low, which has become the main limiting factor for winter horticultural crop production; (2) the light quality changes greatly; (3) the light is very unevenly distributed in time and space; In particular, the light intensity in the winter facilities at high latitudes is low, and the illumination time is short, which seriously affects the growth and development of greenhouse crops. The main influencing factors affecting the light environment conditions within the facility are the light transmission of the cover material and the shading of the greenhouse structural materials. Therefore, it is necessary to start from these two aspects to study how to increase the indoor lighting facilities structure and corresponding management techniques to improve the lighting environment within the facility.

(II) Regulation of lighting conditions in facilities

Illumination is the basic condition for crop growth and produces light, heat and morphological effects on the growth and development of greenhouse crops. Therefore, we must strengthen the regulation of lighting conditions and take measures to meet the light conditions needed for crop growth and development. To regulate the lighting conditions within the facility, the following measures can be taken: 1. Construction of the facility structure A reasonable greenhouse adopts an azimuth design that extends from the north to the south and east; from the lighting point of view, in addition to the modern warm room, a single-decked greenhouse is selected; Anti-dust, anti-drip, and anti-aging light-transmitting cover materials are currently preferred for vinyl acetate film (EVA), followed by polyethylene film (PE) and polyvinyl chloride film (PVC); choose the appropriate span of the booth , height, and angle of inclination; use fine and sturdy frame materials as much as possible to increase the amount of indoor lighting and reduce the shading of greenhouse structural materials. 2. Strengthen the facilities management to frequently clean and clean, maintain the high light transmittance of the transparent roof covering materials; under the premise of keeping the room temperature, the opaque inner and outer coverings of the facilities (heating screens, grasshoppers, etc.) should be opened as early as possible to extend the cover. Illumination time increased light transmittance; in the northern region, a polyester-aluminized mirror reflective screen with a height of 2 to 2.5 meters was placed on the inner wall of the greenhouse wall to increase the light intensity. 3. Strengthen cultivation management Strengthen the rational planting of crops, pay attention to the direction (generally north-south direction is good), expand the row spacing, narrow the plant spacing, remove the lateral branches and old leaves of the seedlings, and increase the light transmittance of the population. 4. Timely Supplement of light In the case of centralized nursery, adjustment of flowering period, guarantee of scheduled listing, etc., supplemental lighting is necessary. Fill light generally uses high-pressure mercury lamps, halogen lamps, and biological lamps. Due to the limited conditions, ordinary fluorescent lamps and energy-saving lamps must also be installed. The fill light is set on the underside of the inner thermal insulation layer, and reflective film is often used around the greenhouse to increase the fill light effect. The intensity of fill light varies from crop to crop. The supplemental light not only costs a lot of equipment, but also consumes much electricity and has a high operating cost. It is only used for flowers with high economic value or for seasonal production with strong seedlings. 5. Shading or obscuring the light in summer as required The strong sunlight in summer may cause high room temperature, increased transpiration, and the plants tend to wilt. The indoor light intensity needs to be reduced. Generally, 25% to 85% of the shade nets are selected according to the light conditions. In the glass greenhouse, special reflective materials such as lime can be sprayed on the top of the greenhouse to reduce the light intensity and be washed off after summer. Keeping the facility dark, black PE film, black woven fabric or woven fabric can be used.

Third, temperature conditions and regulation

(I) Characteristics of changes in temperature within the facility Unheated The source of temperature in the greenhouse depends mainly on solar radiation, causing a greenhouse effect. The characteristics of temperature changes in greenhouses are as follows: 1. They change with the change of the outside world's solar radiation and temperature, with seasonal and daily changes, and the temperature difference between day and night is large, and the local temperature difference is obvious in the northern regions. There are obvious seasonal changes in the protection facilities. According to the relevant provisions of meteorology, the number of days in winter in sunlight greenhouses is shortened by 3 to 5 months compared to bare land, and it can be extended by 2 to 3 months in summer and 20 to 30 days in spring and autumn. Therefore, the area from south of 410 to the north of 330 can be extended. , High-efficiency and energy-saving solar greenhouses (with an indoor and outdoor temperature difference of about 30°C) can produce hi-temperature fruit and vegetables in four seasons. In winter, greenhouses are only about 50 days shorter than open fields, but only about 20 days more than in bare land in spring and rarely increase in summer. Therefore, fruits and vegetables can only be planted in advance in spring and cultivated in late autumn. Only under multiple coverage can fruit and vegetable production in winter and spring be possible. . The temperature of the highest and lowest temperatures in the winter and spring unheated greenhouses occurred slightly later than in the open, but the temperature difference between the indoor and outdoor rooms was significantly larger than that of the open field. Northern energy-saving solar greenhouses, due to good lighting and heat preservation, have a daily temperature difference of 15 to 30°C in winter, and can produce a thermophilic fruit and vegetable dish without heating in the 400-degree northern latitude area or without heating. 2. There are “inversion” phenomena in the facilities but in plastic sheds or glass greenhouses that are not covered in multiple layers, the cooling rate after sunset is often faster than the open ground, such as the invasion of cold air again, especially after the larger north wind. On a clear and breezy night, indoor temperatures often appear in the greenhouses and greenhouses in the early morning but are lower than the outdoor temperature of 1-2°C. From October to March the following year may occur, especially the spring inversion is more harmful. 3. The temperature distribution in the greenhouse is not uniform Generally, the upper part of room temperature is higher than the lower part and the middle part is higher than the surrounding area. The north side of the northern sunlight greenhouse is higher than the south side at night. The smaller the area of ​​the protection facilities is, the larger the proportion of the low temperature area is and the more uneven the distribution. The changes in ground temperature, regardless of seasonal and daily changes, are smaller than the changes in temperature.

(B) the temperature control of the temperature conditions in the facility is the primary environmental conditions for horticultural crops cultivation, growth and development of any crop and maintain life activities require a certain temperature range, the temperature "three basic points." The level of temperature is related to the growth stage of the crop, flower bud differentiation and flowering, and the day and night temperature affects the plant morphology, product yield and quality. Therefore, producers use temperature as the primary means of controlling the growth of greenhouse crops. Taking all factors into account, it is clear that there is a difference between the optimum temperature for crop growth and the optimum temperature for economic production, and the identified management temperature is to make the crops marketable when they are suitable for market needs, and to obtain maximum benefits. The stable temperature environment is an important guarantee for the stable growth of crops and long-term production. The size, orientation, interception of light energy, wind speed, and temperature of the building will affect the stability of the greenhouse temperature. The control of the temperature environment in a facility is generally carried out through insulation, warming, and cooling.

1. Insulation

Sunlight greenhouses can be set up with insulation walls; reinforce slopes, and use polystyrene foam board insulation on the back slopes; cover transparent curtains, quilts, insulation, quilts, etc., and implement external insulation; In greenhouses or plastic greenhouses, arches shall be erected and two curtains shall be set up. Dirt-proof trenches with a depth of 60-70 cm and a width of 50 cm shall be dug around the greenhouse; measures shall be kept relatively closed to reduce ventilation and other measures to enhance the insulation effect. Large-scale greenhouse insulation mainly adopts transparent roof with double-layer air-filled membrane or double-layer polyethylene plate, and two-layer insulation curtain and vertical screen that can be moved in parallel in the room for insulation.

2. Warming

When the temperature of the facility is low and the crop grows slowly, it can be properly warmed. Warming sub-air heating, substrate heating, nutrient solution heating.

(1) Air heating Air heating methods include hot water heating, steam heating, fire tunnel heating, and hot air oven heating. Hot water and room temperature are relatively stable, which is a common way of heating; steam, hot air heating effect is fast, but the temperature stability is poor; rice road heating construction costs and operating costs are low, is a form commonly used in solar greenhouses, but the thermal efficiency is low.

(2) Warming of the ground In winter, the rhizosphere temperature is low, and the crop grows slowly, which becomes a growth limiting factor. Therefore, the rhizosphere heating has a significant effect on the crop. In order to increase the rhizosphere temperature, a plastic tube having an outer diameter of 15 to 50 cm is usually buried in a cultivation medium of 20 to 50 cm in size, and hot water is passed through. In this way, the temperature of the substrate can be increased. Some places use brewing methods to increase the temperature, that is, to dig 40 cm deep and 50-60 cm deep trenches in the greenhouse, fill in straw or chopped corn stalks, and allow them to slowly ferment and release heat. Electric wires can also be used to increase the rhizosphere temperature when the area is small.

(3) Cultivation of the cultivation bed In the upper cultivation, after the ground is hardened, the concrete floor is often heated. When heating the concrete floor, some pipes are buried in the concrete. Compared with the soil, the conductivity of the concrete material is often better, so the temperature difference between the pipe and the surface is smaller; the elevated bed matrix system is thin, subject to The influence of temperature is great. When heating the planting bed, the heating pipe is laid on the bed near the bed. In NFT cultivation, it is usually heated in the reservoir during the winter. In order to ensure the stability of the nutrient solution temperature, the liquid supply pipeline needs to be insulated, ie, aluminum foil rock wool is used to coat the pipeline. In addition to the above heating methods, the use of geothermal heat, factory waste heat, underground latent heat, urban waste heat, solar energy and other heating methods can also be carried out in the heating facilities, sometimes using temporary heating, such as burning charcoal, sawdust, smoke, etc. .

3. Cooling

The way to reduce temperature is to reduce the entry of heat and increase the dissipation of heat, such as shade with a net, transparent roof coating (lime), ventilation, spray (discharge in the form of vaporization heat), wet curtains, etc.

(1) Ventilation and ventilation is an important means of cooling. The principle of natural ventilation is from small to large, first to medium, then to top, and finally to the bottom. The order of closing the vents is the opposite; the principle of forced ventilation is that the air should be far away from the plants. Reduce the impact of airflow on plants, and many small vents are better than a few large vents. In the winter, the exhaust fan exhausts heat outwards, which can prevent the cold air from blowing the plants, freezing the crops, and using perforated pipes in summer. The cold wind is evenly sent to the nearby plants.

(2) Shade Summer High-temperature light is a limiting factor for crop growth. Shading can be used to reduce the temperature. Generally, the temperature can be lowered by 5 to 7°C, and there are two kinds of shading inside and outside shading.

(3) Water curtain, wet curtain and spray cooling The water sprayed on the top of the greenhouse forms a water curtain with a shading rate of 25% and can absorb heat and cool down. In hot and dry areas, wet curtains can be set to cool down. The wet curtain cooling system consists of a fan, a cooling plate (wet belt) and a pump and piping system that transfers moisture to the top of the wet curtain. Wet curtains are usually composed of 15 to 30 mm thick cross-woven fiber materials, mostly mounted on a wall facing the prevailing wind, and the fans are mounted on a wall opposite to the wall with the wet curtains. Through the wet cold air of the wet curtain, the greenhouse cools down through the greenhouse and leaves the greenhouse through a fan. The disadvantage of the wet curtain cooling system is that dirt will be generated on the wet curtain and algae will be produced. In the greenhouse, it will cause a certain temperature difference and humidity difference. At the same time, in areas with high humidity, the cooling effect will be significantly reduced. In the greenhouse, it is also possible to design spray equipment for cooling. If the size of the water droplets is less than 10 μm, they will float in the air and evaporate while avoiding the water droplets falling on the crop. Spray cooling is better than cooling curtain systems, especially for some foliage plants, because many types of foliage plants are “burned out” in the environment of high-temperature airflow generated by fans.

Fourth, CO2 and its regulation

CO2 is an important raw material for photosynthesis of crops. In the confined greenhouse conditions, CO2 concentration is often lower than outdoors during the day. Even after ventilation, the CO2 concentration will rebound, but it is still less than the high concentration of CO2 in the outside atmosphere. Therefore, application of CO2 during the daytime has an effect on the growth of crops regardless of the light conditions. Due to the limited space and hermeticity of the greenhouse, the application of CO2 (gas fertilization) becomes possible. In northern China, the area is tightly closed in winter, there is less ventilation, and there is a serious shortage of indoor CO2. Currently, the application of CO2 fertilization technology is very effective. The average CO2 fertilization of fruits and vegetables such as cucumbers, tomatoes, and peppers increases the yield by an average of 20% to 30%, and improves the quality. Fresh cut flower application of CO2 can increase the number of flowering, increase and thickening techniques to improve the quality of flowers. The application of CO2 can not only increase the yield per unit area, but also improve the utilization rate of facilities, energy efficiency, and utilization of light energy.

1. Application of CO2 Concentration For general horticultural crops, the CO2 concentration with obvious economic effects is 5 times that of atmospheric concentration. The optimum concentration of CO2 fertilization is related to crop characteristics and environmental conditions. The amount of CO2 is closely related to light intensity, temperature, humidity, and ventilation. Japanese scholars propose that the concentration of greenhouse CO2 is 0.01%, but the majority of greenhouse application in the Netherlands is maintained at 0.0045% to 0.005%, so as to avoid excessive internal and external concentrations in ventilation, too many escapes, not economically Cost-effective. Generally with the increase of light intensity should increase the CO2 concentration. The use of CO2 on cloudy days can increase the use of scattered light by plants; when CO2 is applied during light fill, there is a clear synergistic effect.

2.CO2 source CO2 is derived from CO2 produced by burning coal, coke, natural gas, biogas, etc. during heating, and can also burn white kerosene to produce CO2, and also use liquid CO2 or solid CO2 (dry ice) or CO2 particle gas in the matrix. Fertilizer or the use of strong acid (sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid) and carbonate (calcium carbonate, carbonated, ammonium bicarbonate) reaction to generate CO2. At present, more CO2 generators are commercially available for burning liquefied petroleum gas. Greenhouse straw and other organic fertilizers can release a large amount of CO2 through fermentation. The method is simple, economical and effective. Organic fertilizer is applied in the production of greenhouse matrix culture, which is very effective in relieving CO2 deficiency and increasing yield. The simultaneous production of edible fungi under the cultivation bed can maintain indoor CO2 between 800 and 980umol/mol.

3. CO2 application time theoretically, CO2 fertilization should be carried out during the most vigorous photosynthesis period in a crop and in the best daylight conditions. CO2 fertilization at seedling stage should be carried out as soon as possible. The CO2 fertilization time after planting depends on the crop type, cultivation season, facility status, and fertilizer source type. After planting, vegetables and vegetables are generally not fertilized before flowering. Fertilization is started after flowering and fruit setting, mainly to prevent overgrowth of nutrients and plant leggy; leafy vegetables are fertilized immediately after planting. In the Netherlands, using boiler fuel gas, CO2 fertilization often runs through the entire growing period of the crop. During the day, CO2 fertilization time should be based on the change of CO2 in the facility and photosynthetic characteristics of the plant. In Japan and China, CQ fertilization starts from 0.5 to 1 h after sunrise or sunrise, and ends before ventilation. When the cold season or cloudy days are not ventilated, fertilization can be stopped at noon. In Northern Europe, the Netherlands, and other countries, CO2 fertilization is carried out throughout the day, and ventilation windows are automatically stopped when noon vent windows are opened to a certain size. When CO2 is applied, it should be noted that: 1 Crop photosynthetic CO2 saturation point is very high, and due to environmental factors and the application of the concentration of economic production for the purpose of high CO2 concentration not only increase the cost, but also cause premature aging of the crop or Morphological changes. (2) The use of CO2 produced after combustion should pay attention to incomplete combustion or impurity gases in the fuel, such as ethylene, propylene, hydrogen sulfide, carbon monoxide (CO), and sulfur dioxide (SO2). 3 Chemical reactions that produce SO2 are only used as a temporary supplement. There is almost no chemical reaction in greenhouses operated internationally because of high costs, post-processing of residues, pollution to the environment, and safety.

V. Air humidity

1. Changes in the air humidity within the facility As the environmental protection facility is a closed or semi-enclosed system, the space is relatively small and the air flow is relatively stable, which makes the air humidity in the facility different from the open air. The characteristics of the air humidity changes in the facilities mainly include:

(1) Humidity The relative humidity and absolute humidity in the facility are all higher than those in open areas. The average relative humidity is generally about 90%, and the saturation state is often 100% at night. Especially in greenhouses and small and medium sized arch sheds, due to the relatively small space in the facility, the winter and spring seasons are insulated, and there is little ventilation, and the air humidity often reaches 100%.

(2) Seasonal changes and daily changes The seasonal changes in facilities are generally high in relative humidity in low temperature seasons, low in relative humidity in high temperature seasons, and high humidity in day and night, low humidity in daytime, and low humidity in daytime before and after noon. The smaller the facility space, the more obvious this change will be.

(3) Uneven humidity distribution Due to the differences in temperature distribution within the facility, the relative humidity distribution also varies. Under normal circumstances, the parts with lower temperature have higher relative humidity and often cause condensation at the local low-temperature parts, causing adverse effects on the facilities environment and plant growth and development.

2. Adjustment of air humidity in the facility Air humidity mainly affects the opening and closing of stomata and transpiration of horticultural crops; directly affects the growth and development of the crops; if the air humidity is too low, the leaves of the plants will be too small, too thick, the mechanical tissue will increase, and flowering Fruit settling, slow fruit enlargement, and high humidity, can easily lead to excessive growth of crops and leaves, poor flowering and fruiting, reduced physiological function, weak resistance, and deficiency of nutrients, affecting yield and quality. . Under normal circumstances, most of the vegetable crops grow and develop a suitable air relative humidity within the range of 50 to 85%. In addition, the occurrence of many diseases is closely related to the air humidity. Most diseases require high humidity conditions. Under conditions of high humidity and low temperature, condensation on the surface of the plant and the condensation of the cover material on the plants will aggravate the occurrence and spread of the disease. Some diseases are prone to occur under low humidity conditions, especially high temperature and drought conditions. Therefore, from the aspects of creating suitable conditions for plant growth and development, controlling disease occurrence, saving energy, improving production and quality, and increasing economic benefits, air humidity is preferably controlled to 70 to 90%. The main ways of humidity regulation are: controlling the source of moisture, temperature, ventilation, and using moisture absorbent.

1. Increased humidity In summer, under high temperature and strong light, the air humidity is excessively dry, which is unfavorable for crop growth. In severe cases, it will cause wilting or death of plants. Especially when cultivating flowers and vegetables with high humidity requirements, the general relative humidity is lower than 40%. Need to increase humidity. Commonly used methods are spraying or ground watering, such as type 103 three-phase electric spray humidifier, air scrubber, centrifugal sprayer, ultrasonic sprayer and so on. The wet curtain cooling system can also increase the air humidity. In addition, the relative humidity can be increased or the transpiration intensity can be reduced by reducing the room temperature or weakening the light intensity. By increasing the number of waterings and the amount of watering, reducing ventilation and other measures, the air humidity will also increase.

2. Reduced air humidity Soilless greenhouses often harden the ground or cover with thin films, which can effectively reduce evaporation and reduce air humidity. Natural ventilation dehumidification and cooling is a common method. Ventilation, such as opening the ventilation window, peeling the film, quilting, etc., can reduce the humidity in the facility. The mulching of the plastic film can reduce the evaporation, which can reduce the air humidity from 95% to 100% to 75% to 80%; increase the temperature (heating, etc.), can reduce the relative humidity; use moisture absorption materials, such as two-story curtain cloth, ground Lay straw, quicklime, silica gel, chlorination, etc.; strengthen ventilation and discharge humid air; set dehumidifying membrane, use drip film and cooling tube, let water vapor condensation, and then discharged to the outside; spray anti-transpiration agent, reduce Absolute humidity. It is also possible to reduce the relative humidity by reducing the number of irrigations and the amount of irrigation water and changing the irrigation mode.

Sixth, the environment's comprehensive regulation and control technology

The comprehensive environmental management of the greenhouse is not only the control of the integrated environment, but also the real-time monitoring of the environmental conditions and the operating status of various devices, and the configuration of various data records, analysis, storage, output, and alarms of abnormal conditions. From the overall perspective of greenhouse operations, we must consider the input costs and operating costs of various types of production materials, the market price changes of output products, labor, management operations, and funds, and perform effective comprehensive environmental control based on benefit analysis. The impact of greenhouse environmental factors on crops is the result of comprehensive effects, and there are quite close relationships between environmental factors, with a linkage effect. Therefore, although we can control the change of a certain element in one day through sensors and equipment, such as using hygrometer and spray equipment linkage, in order to maintain the minimum air humidity, or use the temperature controller in conjunction with the time controller to implement variable temperature management. Although it is easy to implement automatic control, it seems to be somewhat mechanical or uneconomical. The development and application of computers enable complex calculation and analysis to be carried out quickly, creating conditions for the comprehensive regulation of greenhouse environmental factors, and changing from static management to dynamic management. The computer is connected to indoor and outdoor weather stations and indoor environment element control equipment (light shielding curtains, second floor curtains, ventilation windows, ventilation fans, spray equipment, CO2 generators, EC, pH control equipment, heating systems, water pumps, etc.). Generally, based on the amount of solar radiation and the types of cultivated crops, reasonable parameters such as temperature, CO2, and air humidity in greenhouse management are determined, and intelligent control equipment is started to achieve these goals. Automatically observe and record the changes in the value of indoor and outdoor environmental meteorological elements and equipment operation at any time.

Through the comparison of output and quality, the original design procedures were adjusted and the control methods were changed to achieve economic production. In recent years, the Netherlands has increased the production of tomato from 40 kg/m2 to 54 kg/m2 through the advancement of comprehensive control technology, and the production costs such as energy consumption and labor have been significantly reduced, which has greatly increased the economic benefits of greenhouse production.

Not only that, the computer system can also be equipped with an early warning device. When environmental factors change significantly, they can be processed, prompted, and recorded in a timely manner. For example, when the wind speed is too large, the windward sunroof can be closed in time. When the measuring instrument stops working, it can promptly process the position where the instrument is located. When a power failure, water stoppage, insufficient pump power, or motor failure occurs, the alarm can be promptly recorded and recorded. , to provide the basis for adjustment and improvement in the future. The development and application of the greenhouse environment computer control system has made the complex greenhouse management simple, standardized and scientific.

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