Science publication cover: details of HIV infection causing "failure" of immune cells April 9, 2018 Source: Biological Exploration of: Flora On April 6th, Science Immunology published an article on the cover to reveal the details of a key immune cell failure in AIDS patients. Although this cell number z is far more common in AIDS patients than in healthy people, it is dysfunctional due to HIV infection. Image source: Science Immunology (DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.aan8884) The "protagonist" of this latest study is follicular helper T cells (Tfh), a new class of CD4+ T cell subsets that are responsible for signaling to B cells, causing the latter to differentiate into plasma cells and memory B cells. In turn, it is resistant to invasion by viruses such as HIV. Unfortunately, scientists from the University of Texas at Austin's Cockrell School of Engineering and the University of Pennsylvania found that Tfh cells in AIDS patients "disappear". According to the latest data from the World Health Organization, approximately 40 million people worldwide are infected with HIV. In recent years, the number of registered cases has been steadily declining thanks to advances in medicine and public awareness. However, we still have a big gap in the pathogenesis of the HIV virus, so every new discovery is important. HIV infection impacts the normal function of follicular T cell. Credit: Carla Shaffer / AAAS The latest research shows that the number of Tfh cells in the lymph nodes of AIDS patients is much higher than that of normal people. In theory, based on the core role of Tfh cells in the production of protective antibodies, an increase in the number will increase their resistance to the virus. However, with sophisticated sequencing techniques and large-scale cell measurement methods, Ning Jiang, assistant professor of biomedical engineering, and assistant professor Laura F. Su of the medical school, and the team directly tested the response of Tfh cells to HIV, and found that this was not the case – Tfh cells in patients do not function properly against viral infections. "Normally, Tfh cells communicate with other immune cells and send instructions to B cells, such as virus-neutralizing antibodies (not just against viruses, but also against future infections)," Ning Jiang explained. However, Tfh cells are less versatile in lymph nodes of HIV patients. Moreover, this lack of function is associated with impaired B cell class switching. Researchers believe that Tfh cells exhibit different behaviors when faced with chronic infections such as HIV, compared to acute infections that are similar to the common cold. Next, they will try to further resolve the causes of Tfh cell failure to better understand HIV. References: 1) HIV cell dysfunction discovery sheds light on how virus works
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