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If we plan to plant plants densely, we will plant trees in the early stages of planting trees with high density. After the tree has been planted, there will be planned methods for the cultivation of some plants (temporary plants). If an orchard is planned to be planted in a close-packed manner, after the tree has reached the end of the result period, if the planned planting is not a permanent planting without thinning, it will inevitably form an orchard that is difficult to clean up.
I. Consequences of closed orchards: After the closure of the orchard, it will bring about deterioration of light, poor ventilation, breeding of diseases and insects, low yield and inferior quality, and difficult management. In order to increase apple production and produce high-quality, high-grade apples, the status of closed apples has been closed. The dense planting of apple orchards should be actively transformed.
Second, the cause of closed orchards: transforming closed planting apple orchard, first of all should understand the reasons for the formation of orchards closed, the main reasons for the closure of orchards are trees, planting density is too large, line spacing is too small; tree height, high crown, crown Large crowns, poor canopy shapes, severe tree shading, and adjacent tree stems branching early, crossing large, closed tightly; trees planted on plain fertile land, when the crown is plastic, fertility and water urging, heavy winter shear Short cuts and no summer cuts, etc.
III. Requirements for Planting Trees in Apple Orchard
1. Row spacing, plant spacing and crown height and volume of planting trees. When constructing a garden to determine the planting density, the row spacing should be magnified and the row spacing should be 1 meter or 2 meters larger than the plant spacing. The plant spacing and diameter of the apple orchard should be closely planted, or the plant spacing should be slightly larger than the diameter of the crown. The volume of the canopy should be controlled within a certain range, to ensure that there is a branch distance of about 1 meter between rows (adjacent plants of two adjacent rows of trees, the distance between the shoots of each other). The crown of the crown is required to be less than or equal to the spacing of the rows. The height of the crown is preferably 3/4, and the crown height should not be higher than 2.5 meters. The smaller the row spacing, the shorter the crown. The shape of the crown is preferably a cone with a good section illumination condition, such as a free-spindle shape or a slender spindle shape.
2, the number of branches. Branches are numerous, branches are dense, and each is crowded. Branches compete with each other. Branches at the lower part of the canopy are weak and even die. The canopy at the top of the canopy grows stronger and weaker. The results are in the treetops, and the amount of leaves is too large. Therefore, it is required that there are not many large branches in the crown and the subordinates are distinct, the leaf curtain should not be too thick, and the tree canopy be airy and transparent.
3, long branch growth. Canopy length (70-80-150 cm long) will increase the closure of the orchard. The long branches have a large amount of growth, and the shade degree is many times that of the middle branches and short branches. Therefore, it is required to adjust the composition of branches and control the overgrowth of trees.
IV. Transformation and Regulation of Orchard Planting
1, thinning or shifting. Thinning and inter-shifting are effective ways to completely transform the closed orchard.
First determine the permanent and temporary trees or plants, and distinguish between primary and secondary thinning or inter-shifting. When thinning, pay attention to maintaining a broad line and solve the problem of light paths and passages. Can be interleaved (moving), but also thinning (moving). The shift can occur before the spring tree sprouts.
2, control the height of the tree falls at the right time. When the tree height exceeds 2.8 meters, drop the head on the appropriate branch.
3, keep dry high. Timely sparse main branches less than 80 cm above the ground. Improve orchard ventilation.
4, thin crowns. Instead of thinning or shifting the closed orchard, thinning and crowning can be carried out. When the tree body is small and the space between rows is large, the crown-shaped tree is transformed into an open-spindle shape or a slender spindle shape. Remove excess main branch and auxiliary branch. For larger trees, carry out the sparse branch retreat. In the years when the amount of flowers is large, the tree vigor is relatively stable, and the yield and tree vigor do not fluctuate after the deflation, the crowns and branches are reduced after harvesting or during dormancy. The principle of sparse pruning is to stay dense and thin, to stay long and short, to stay large and small, to stay thick and thin, to stay weak, go straight to the line, and stay diagonally between the lines, reduce the orchard coverage rate. To about 70%.
5, control and prosperous. The trees are prosperous and the imaginary branches are full of trees, so the dense planting of orchards is serious. Controlling tree growth is one of the means to prevent dense planting of orchards. The control is prosperous with methods such as supplementing dwarfing interstocks, high grafting and short-stemming varieties, using growth retardants or inhibitors, ring cutting (stripping) of trunks or main branches, digging trenches to cut roots, and regulating fertilizer and water.
Renovation of closed apple plantation
Dwarf densely planted apple trees should be reasonably densely planted. Reasonable dense planting is based on species, rootstocks, site conditions for planting, management level, etc., to determine the appropriate planting density, whether it is a common type or a short-stem type; whether the rootstock of a tree is an anvil or a short anvil, whether it is a root anvil or an intermediate Anvil; whether it is planted on low-lying mountainous areas or on fertile plains; the level of cultivation and management is a matter to be considered in determining the planting density.